Should people who are HBsAg positive be tested for hepatitis D (HDV)?
Why hepatitis D depends on hepatitis B, which HBsAg-positive people should ask about HDV testing, and what to do after a positive or high-risk result.
Test Results
Explains HBV serology markers, liver tests, HBV DNA, imaging, and follow-up questions.
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Hepatitis B with HIV or hepatitis C: tests, medicines, and follow-up points
What to prepare when hepatitis B overlaps with HIV, hepatitis C, or related treatment decisions, and why HBV-active medicines should not be stopped on your own.
Hepatitis B symptoms: when not to wait for the next follow-up
A practical guide to common hepatitis B and liver disease symptoms, urgent warning signs, and what reports and medicines to bring before care.
HBV DNA, ALT/AST, and liver tests: how to read trends over time
How HBV DNA, ALT/AST, bilirubin, albumin, INR, platelets, imaging, and medication history can be organized for chronic hepatitis B follow-up.
What to do after a positive HBsAg result
What a positive HBsAg result may mean, what follow-up tests are commonly discussed, and what not to decide from one marker alone.
Related Sources
CDC Clinical Care of Hepatitis C
CDC 丙肝临床照护说明，涵盖直接抗病毒药治疗前的评估、HBV 感染风险和治疗期间监测考虑。
CDC Hepatitis B Basics
CDC 面向公众的乙肝基础说明，涵盖传播、急慢性感染、常见症状、检测、疫苗和治疗概念。
Hepatitis B Online Monitoring Persons On and Off HBV Therapy
面向临床学习者的慢性乙肝治疗前后监测说明，涵盖 ALT、HBV DNA、HBeAg/HBsAg 和肝癌筛查等随访项目。
WHO 2024 Chronic Hepatitis B Guidelines
WHO 2024 年慢性乙肝预防、诊断、照护和治疗指南，覆盖检测、治疗、随访和公共卫生策略。
CDC Hepatitis D Basics
CDC 面向公众的丁型肝炎说明，解释 HDV 只能感染已有 HBV 感染的人、传播途径、风险人群、症状、筛查检测和预防。
NIDDK Cirrhosis Symptoms and Causes
NIDDK 关于肝硬化症状和原因的患者说明，涵盖疲乏、瘙痒、黄疸、腹水、出血、意识改变等症状。
CDC Hepatitis B and HIV Coinfection
CDC 面向医务人员的乙肝与 HIV 合并感染说明，强调 HIV 感染者筛查 HBV、疫苗、治疗和肝病风险管理。
NIH HIV and Hepatitis B Coinfection Guidelines
NIH 成人和青少年 HIV 抗逆转录病毒指南中的 HBV/HIV 合并感染章节，说明筛查、含 HBV 活性药物的 ART、停药风险和监测。
AASLD Hepatitis B Guidance
乙肝管理相关临床指导和实践资源。
WHO Hepatitis B Fact Sheet
WHO 关于乙肝传播、预防、疫苗、检测、治疗和全球公共卫生影响的概览。
VA Cirrhosis Patient Guide
美国退伍军人事务部面向患者的肝硬化指南，解释腹水、静脉曲张出血、脑病等并发症和需要急诊处理的警示情况。
WHO Hepatitis D Fact Sheet
WHO 关于丁型肝炎的事实说明，涵盖 HDV 与 HBV 的关系、全球负担、重症风险、传播、诊断、预防和治疗概况。
CDC Hepatitis B Testing and Diagnosis
CDC 关于乙肝筛查、诊断和血清学标志物解释的专业指导。
CDC 2023 Hepatitis B Screening and Testing Recommendations
CDC 2023 年乙肝筛查和检测建议，包含成人一次性三项筛查，以及接受或需要细胞毒性、免疫抑制或免疫调节治疗人群的检测建议。